Su'aalaha badanaa la isweydiiyo Lobbying
Doorka iyo saameynta lakinwadeenka ayaa si ba'an u fahmi kara. Xirfadeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee? Sidee qofkuu noqonayaa lataliye? Akhri su'aalaha badanaa la isweydiiyo oo wax walba ka barto.
Waa maxay lataliye?
Hawlwadeen u ololeeye waa qof dhaqdhaqaaqe ah oo doonaya inuu ku qanciyo xubnaha dawladda (sida xubno ka tirsan Golaha Congress) si loo sameeyo sharciyo udub dhexaad u ah kooxdooda. Xirfadlaynta loola jeedo waa sharci iyo qayb ka mid ah geeddi-socodka siyaasadeed ee dimoqraadiga ah oo aan si fiican u fahmin dadweynaha.
Inkastoo dadka intooda badan ay ka fekeraan ururrada ka shaqeeya xirfadlayaasha mushaharka leh, waxaa sidoo kale jira dad badan oo tabarucid ah. Qof kasta oo codsanaya xukuumadda ama la xariirta xubinimadooda Golaha Wakiillada si uu u codsado ra'yigu wuxuu u shaqeynayaa sidii laaluush. Lobbying waa shirkad la xakameynayo iyo waxqabadyo la ilaaliyo oo hoos imaanaya Qodobka Hore ee Dastuurka Maraykanka kaas oo damaanad qaadaya xaqa xuquuqda hadalka, wadatashiga, iyo codsiga.
Lobbying waxaa ku jira wax badan oo ku qancin sharci dejiyeyaasha. Hawlwadeenada xirfadlayaasha ah ee cilmi baarista iyo falanqeynta sharciyada ama soo jeedinta qawaaniinta, ka qaybgalida dhegeysiyada shirarka, iyo inay baraan saraakiisha dawladda iyo saraakiisha shirkadaha arrimaha muhiimka ah. Labbisayaasha waxay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan inay bedelaan ra'yiga dadweynaha iyada oo loo marayo ololayaasha xayeysiiska ama saameynta 'hoggaamiyayaasha ra'yiga'.
Yaa ka shaqeeya ururrada haweenka?
Lobbyayaashu waxay matalaan machad kasta oo American ah iyo koox xiiso leh - ururada shaqaalaha, kulliyadaha, kulliyadaha iyo jaamacadaha, kaniisadaha, ururada samafalka, kooxaha deegaanka, ururrada muwaadiniinta waayeelka, iyo dawladaha dowladaha hoose ama kuwa shisheeye.
Xirfadeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee?
Sida laga soo xigtay OpenSecrets.org, xogta soo socota waxaa diiwaangeliyey Xafiiska Senateka ee Diiwaanada Dadweynaha. Sannadka 10aad ee ugu sarreeya sanadka 2016 waxay ahaayeen:
Daawooyinka / Qalabka Caafimaadka - $ 63,168,503
Caymiska - $ 38,280,437
Qalabka korontada - $ 33,551,556
Ururada Ganacsiga - $ 32,065,206
Oil & Gas - $ 31,453,590
Qalabka Mfg & Qalabka - $ 28,489,437
Koontada & Maalgalinta - $ 25,425,076
Isbitaalada / Guryaha Naafada ah - $ 23,609,607
Gaadiidka Cirka - $ 22,459,204
Xirfadaha Caafimaadka - $ 22,175,579
Sidee qofkuu noqonayaa lataliye? Waa maxay asalka ama tababarka loo baahan yahay?
Lobbistayaasha waxay ka yimaadaan dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha. Badankood waxay ka qalin-jabiyaan jaamacadda, qaar badanina waxay leeyihiin shahaado heer sare ah. Hawl-galiyayaal badan ayaa bilaabay xirfaddooda ka shaqeeya Capitol Hill xafiis fadhiya. Labbisayaasha waa in ay leeyihiin xirfado isgaarsiineed oo xoogan iyo aqoonta geeddi-socodka sharci dejinta iyo sidoo kale warshadaha ay matalayaan. Inkastoo aysan jirin tababbar rasmi ah si loo noqdo lataliye, Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda ee Dawladda ayaa bixiya Barnaamijka Shahaadada Lobbying, oo ah barnaamij waxbarasho oo sii socota kaas oo ka caawiya dhammaan heerarka xirfadeed inay sare u qaadaan aqoontooda geeddi-socodka sharci-dejinta iyo xirfad-u-qaadid.
Hawl-galiyaal badan ayaa helaya waayo-aragnimo inta ay ku jiraan kuleejka iyadoo loo marayo Capitol Hill. Eeg hagaha Washington, DC Internships - Interned on Capitol Hill.
Ma loo baahan yahay in la diiwaan galiyo?
Laga soo bilaabo 1995, Sharciga Daahfashinta Lobbying (LDA) wuxuu ubaahanay shaqsiyaadka la siinayo inay ku ololeeyaan heerka federaalka si loo diiwaan geliyo Xoghayaha Guud ee Golaha Shacabka iyo Karaaniga Golaha. Shirkadaha yaryar, kuwa u madaxbannaan shaqeeya iyo ururrada u shaqeeya ladagaaleeyayaasha waa inay soo gudbiyaan warbixino joogto ah oo ku saabsan waxqabadka ololaha.
Imisa kooxood oo ka shaqeynaya gudaha Washington, DC?
Ilaa 2016, waxaa jira qiyaastii 9,700 oo kaqeybgalayaal ah oo ka diiwaangashan heerarka gobolka iyo federaalka.
Qaar badan oo ka mid ah shirkadaha waawayn ee ku-meel-gaarka ah iyo kooxaha udood-bixinta waxay ku yaalliin K Street ee Downtown Washington, DC
Maxay xayiraaddu ku jirtaa hadiyado ay ka mid yihiin kuwa xayeysiiya xubnaha xubnaha Congresska?
Xeerka guud ee hadiyadaha hadiyaddu waxay sheegaysaa in xubin ka mid ah Congress-ka ama shaqaalahooda aysan aqbalayn hadiyad ka socota haya'daha diiwaangashan ama urur kasta oo ka shaqeeya ururrada. Ereyga "hadiyad" wuxuu daboolayaa wax kasta oo deeq ah, raali gelin, sicir-dhimis, madadaalo, martigelin, amaah, ama shay kale oo leh qiimo lacageed.
Halkee ayuu ereyga "lobbyist" ka yimid?
Madaxwaynaha Ulysses S. Grant wuxuu uqaabilay erey-bixiyaha horaantii 1800-yadii. Grant wuxuu jeclaa hudheelka Willard Hotel ee Washington DC, dadkuna halkaa way u soo dhawaadeen si ay ugala hadlaan sababaha shakhsi ahaaneed.
Khayraad Dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan Lobbying
- Siyaasadaha Furan - Xarunta Siyaasadda Dareenka - Hagaha aan cidna la socodsiin kharashka ku baxaya doorashooyinka Maraykanka iyo siyaasadda dadweynaha, oo ay ka mid yihiin waxqabadyada kufsiga
- Xafiiska Karaaniga - Faahfaahin faahfaahinta Sharciga Xayiraadda Lobbying ee 1995, habka diiwaangelinta xayeysiinta
- Xarunta Dowlad-wax-ku-ool ah - Mashruuca Dawladda ee Kormeerka, oo ah hoggaan madax-bannaan oo madax-bannaan, kuwaas oo hagaagaya dib-u-habeyn dawladeed oo wanaagsan si loo gaaro dowlad ficil ah oo wax ku ool ah, xisaabtan, furan, iyo anshax.
- Lobbyingfirms.com - Waa liiska warshadaha ee lafdhabarta